More on colors

Diamonds occur in an array of colours – from pure whites and soft pinks and blues to brilliant hues of purple and red. No matter the colour, each diamond possesses a unique composition of chemical elements that have the power to dictate rarity, value and desirability.

Colored diamonds are found both in nature and in laboratory settings.  According to the GIA, only one in 10,000 natural diamonds is a colored diamond outside the D-to-Z grading spectrum.  Colored diamonds can be found in almost any shade of the rainbow.  The GIA lists 27 different hues for natural colored diamonds.

Even a one-carat diamond requires billions of carbon atoms to bond, and all of those atoms must be carbon to create a colorless diamond. The slightest quirk creates a colored diamond: a bit of boron makes a blue diamond; nitrogen makes a yellow diamond; natural radiation form nearby rocks trap electrons to create a green surface color; pink or red shades are thought to be due to changes to the electron structure during the voyage to the surface.

The GIA can issue color grades.  It describes the color of fancy diamonds in three ways: pure spectral colors of the diamond (hue); lightness and darkness of the hue (tone); and the color’s strength and purity on a scale from neutral to vivid (saturation).  Natural radiation and pressure can intensify the diamond’s color.

Red Diamonds

Red is the rarest diamond color and the most expensive diamond color.  Red shades are thought to be due to changes to the electron structure during the diamond’s voyage to the surface.

Purple Diamonds

Pure purple is the second rarest color of diamond.  While there are several theories on why some diamonds exhibit a purple color, many scientists believe natural purple diamonds are formed due to post-growth plastic deformation while traveling from the earth’s mantle to its surface via magma.  Natural purple diamonds account for 1% of the diamond mined in Siberia’s Mir kimberlite field.  Most are only a pale purple, but some show a strong purple coloration.  Professionals can tell a natural purple diamond from a treated purple diamond by examining the distribution of the color.  Treated stones are saturated with color throughout; natural purple diamonds have a concentration of color along the deformation lamellae.

Pink Diamonds

Pink diamond shades are thought to be due to changes to the electron structure, called “plastic deformation” during the voyage to the surface, but this has not been confirmed. In fact, how the pink diamonds get their color remains a mystery. Pink diamonds are associated with the Argyle mine in northwestern Australia, which produces an estimated 90% of all natural pink diamonds in the world. The mine is closing in 2020. Few pink diamonds have also been found in Brazil, Tanzania, and India.

Orange Diamonds

Nitrogen is suspected of being the modifier for orange diamonds.

Yellow Diamonds

Yellow diamonds are very common, but the most vivid yellow diamonds are mined in South Africa.  The yellow color comes from inclusion of nitrogen; nitrogen atoms are similar enough to carbon atoms that they easily take carbon’s place in the formation process.  Throughout history, yellow diamonds that were not vivid enough to be called fancy yellow diamonds have been “enhanced” with blue coloring, in hopes of passing the diamonds as colorless.

Green Diamonds

Natural green diamonds are very rare, with an estimated less than ten coming to market each year.  While some green diamonds have a trace amount of nickel mixed into their carbon, the coloration in most green diamonds is due to the natural radiation from nearby rocks, which traps electrons to create a green surface color.  Since the colored portion is the outer layer, some of the natural green is lost during polishing.

Blue Diamonds

Boron is another element that is similar in size to carbon and can easily be found in trace amounts in a diamond.  However, when boron is present and the level of nitrogen is very low, the boron gifts the diamond a blue color.  Other blue diamonds are unrelated to boron; nickel or high concentrations of hydrogen are the hypothetical causes of blue color in some diamonds.  The most notable mine for blue diamonds is the Cullinan, in Pretoria, South Africa.

Grey Diamonds

Trace elements such as boron in the carbon structure can create a grey diamond.  However, a grey diamond may also be a black diamond that is not thoroughly saturated.

Brown Diamonds

Structural defects in the diamond lattice give brown diamonds their color, as the defects absorb light.  The presence of nitrogen can also give a diamond a brown hue.  The terms “champagne diamond” (lightly tinted brown diamond) and “cognac diamond” (darker brown diamond) were made to better describe the different shades. Brown diamonds are found in Australia, Africa, and Siberia.

Black Diamonds

Contrary to how most colored diamonds are formed, a black diamond’s color is not related to trace elements. Small inclusions of graphite and iron clusters create the “black” color. While other colored diamonds are transparent, the many inclusions in a black diamond means it is typically opaque.  Black diamonds will not exhibit the fire and brilliance of a white diamond or transparent colored diamond.
Since a black diamond necessarily has inclusions, it fractures more easily than some other gem-quality diamonds. They do not cleave as predictably as most diamonds. The difficulties involved with cutting and polishing black diamonds precludes many from becoming gem-quality, and most are declared industrial-use only.
Black diamonds found in nature usually are not consistently black.  They may contain clear, white, or gray pieces.  To enhance the black color, the diamonds are subject to high-pressure, high-temperature treatment (HPHT).  This is meant to darken the lighter bits of the diamond.  Other methods used include dyeing the diamond or irradiation.

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